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Related Concept Videos

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration01:27

Feedback Regulation of Calcium Concentration

Calcium is an essential signaling molecule required for various cellular functions. Calcium pumps and ion channels on cell and organellar membranes, such as those on the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), regulate calcium concentrations inside the cell. They remain closed, keeping the cytosolic calcium levels low at a resting state.
Various transmembrane receptors, such as G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), elicit a response to extracellular signals by increasing cytosolic calcium. Activated GPCRs...
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Calmodulin (CaM) is a calcium-binding protein in eukaryotes that controls various calcium-regulated cellular processes. It has four calcium-binding sites that bind calcium to form the calcium-calmodulin ( Ca2+-CaM) complex. GPCR stimulation increases the calcium levels in the cells that bind to CaM and induces a conformational change.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Single-Cell Calcium Imaging for Studying the Activation of Calcium Ion Channels
07:17

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Published on: December 13, 2024

Anoctamin-1 Is a Calcium-Dependent Chloride Channel (CaCC) in Müller Cells Involved in Cell Volume Regulation.

Alissa Schaefer1, Oliver Bludau2, Andjela Sekulic1

  • 1Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität, Berlin Institute of Health, Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany.

Glia
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Anoctamin-1 (Ano1) calcium-activated chloride channels (CaCC) are expressed in Müller cells. Ano1 contributes to adenosine-driven regulation of ion flow, crucial for retinal fluid homeostasis.

Keywords:
Ano1CaCCCl− channelsMüller cellsTMEM16Aanoctamin‐1volume regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Müller cells play vital roles in retinal function and homeostasis.
  • Calcium-dependent chloride channels (CaCC) are present in Müller cells, but their molecular identity remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the molecular identity of CaCC in Müller cells.
  • To investigate the function of anoctamin-1 (Ano1) in Müller cell volume regulation.

Main Methods:

  • Immunohistochemistry and proteomic analysis in mouse and rat retinal sections.
  • Western blot analysis of Müller cell lines (murine ImM10, human MIO-M1).
  • Patch-clamp electrophysiology and pharmacological inhibition of identified channels.

Main Results:

  • Protein expression of Ano1 (TMEM16A) was confirmed in Müller cells and cell lines.
  • Patch-clamp studies revealed Ca2+-activated chloride currents sensitive to Ano1 blockers.
  • Ano1 inhibition partially reversed adenosine's protective effect on Müller cell volume regulation.

Conclusions:

  • Ano1 is a functionally validated calcium-activated chloride channel in Müller cells.
  • Ano1 contributes to adenosine-mediated regulation of ion transport and fluid balance in the retina.