Stress-Dependent NF-κB Signaling in Acute Kidney Injury: Linking Inflammation, Autophagy, and Apoptosis

Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) is a critical regulator of inflammation and stress response signaling in acute kidney injury (AKI). Increasing evidence demonstrates that NF-κB signaling is directly related to oxidative stress, autophagy, mitochondrial malfunction, and apoptosis in the process of AKI. Injury-related stimuli, including ischemia-reperfusion, sepsis, nephrotoxins, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), activate canonical and non-canonical NF-κB pathways, resulting in renal inflammation and tubular injury. Recent investigations have shown that TLR4/NF-κB signaling, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, defective autophagy, and mitochondrial dysfunction mediate inflammatory and pro-apoptotic responses in AKI. On the other hand, autophagy-associated proteins such as microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta (LC3B) and Beclin-1 may play renoprotective roles through the regulation of NF-κB signaling. This review tries to cover the knowledge regarding NF-κB signaling in AKI and to emphasize the possible function of NF-κB signaling in the control of inflammation, autophagy, and apoptosis. It also seeks to provide some insight into future research directions that may guide the development of more effective therapies for AKI.