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Colloidal precipitates

Colloidal precipitates

The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...

Adsorption Isotherms I

Adsorption Isotherms I

Adsorption isotherms are mathematical models that describe how molecules in a gas or liquid phase interact with surfaces. Two of the most common isotherm models are the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms, which relate to Type I monolayer chemisorption. The Langmuir model is based on four key assumptions:• Adsorption cannot exceed monolayer coverage.• All surface sites are equivalent.• Molecules adsorb only at vacant sites.• There are no interactions between adsorbed molecules.Consider the...

Adsorption Isotherms II

Adsorption Isotherms II

Brunauer, Emmett, and Teller (BET) introduced a theory in 1938 that modified Langmuir's assumptions to explain multilayer physical adsorption. This theory is applicable to Type II isotherms and provides a more realistic picture of adsorption processes. The BET theory assumes a uniform solid surface with localized adsorption sites, where adsorption at one site doesn't affect adsorption at neighboring sites. This theory also allows for the possibility of additional molecules being adsorbed on top...

Adsorption of Gases on Solids

Adsorption of Gases on Solids

Adsorption is a process where molecules, known as the adsorbates, accumulate on a surface, which is referred to as the adsorbent or substrate. Occurring at the solid-gas interface, this phenomenon is crucial in various scientific and industrial contexts. The reverse of adsorption is desorption.Two types of adsorptions exist: physical (physisorption) and chemical (chemisorption). Physisorption involves gas molecules held to the solid's surface by relatively weak intermolecular van der Waals...

Precipitation of Ions

Precipitation of Ions

Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

Published on: August 2, 2012

Complex Adsorption Pattern Formation in Drying BSA-NaCl Droplets: Experimental Study.

Polina Borshchegovskaya^1,2, Violetta Kim¹, Ulyana Bliznyuk^1,2

¹Department of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, GSP-1, 1-2 Leninskiye Gory, 119991 Moscow, Russia.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences

|June 12, 2026

Summary

Protein-salt interactions in water lead to ordered patterns during droplet drying. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) concentration dictates the formation of unique structures, offering potential for medical diagnostics.

Keywords:

bovine serum albumin drying droplets proteins in aqueous-salt solutions salt crystal self-organization of aggregate-crystal structures

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Controlling the Size, Shape and Stability of Supramolecular Polymers in Water

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Published on: August 2, 2012

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Published on: April 11, 2020

Area of Science:

Biophysics
Physical Chemistry
Biomedical Research

Background:

Protein-salt interactions in aqueous solutions are crucial in biophysics and medicine.
The bovine serum albumin (BSA)-NaCl-H2O system exhibits pattern formation during droplet drying.

Purpose of the Study:

To experimentally investigate the influence of BSA concentration on precipitate structure formation.
To understand the sequence of pattern development and propose a conceptual interpretation.

Main Methods:

Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to analyze topographic features and elemental composition.
Experiments involved varying BSA concentrations from 0.005 to 35 mg/mL.

Main Results:

Distinct BSA-NaCl ring deposits formed at BSA concentrations of 0.05-1 mg/mL.
BSA aggregates acted as nucleation sites for NaCl crystallization, initiating ring formation.
Concentration-dependent patterns, including spikes and fractal structures, were observed.

Conclusions:

BSA concentration significantly influences the morphology of salt-protein precipitates.
The observed patterns provide insights into protein behavior in aqueous-salt solutions.
These findings have potential applications in medical diagnostics as biomarkers.