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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Real-World High-Intensity Interval Training Protocol for Cardiorespiratory Fitness Improvement
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Time-of-Day-Specific High-Intensity Interval Training (Chrono-HIIT) in Chinese College Students with Low Physical

Wendi Cui1, Nor M F Farah2, Hao Li1

  • 1Center for Healthy Ageing & Wellness HCARE, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur 50300, Malaysia.

Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
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This study explored time-specific high-intensity interval training (HIIT) for Chinese college students. Morning or evening HIIT showed potential feasibility and effectiveness for improving fitness, informing future chrono-exercise research.

Area of Science:

  • Exercise Physiology
  • Public Health
  • Chronobiology

Background:

  • Physical inactivity is a global concern among college students, impacting health-related physical fitness.
  • High-intensity interval training (HIIT) offers a time-efficient method to enhance fitness components.
  • The influence of exercise timing on physiological responses and adherence warrants investigation, particularly in diverse college settings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the feasibility and preliminary effectiveness of a time-specific, eight-week HIIT program for Chinese college students.
  • To compare the outcomes of morning versus evening HIIT sessions.
  • To provide data for designing future large-scale chrono-exercise trials in university populations.

Main Methods:

  • A mixed-methods feasibility randomized controlled trial involving approximately 72 Chinese college students with low physical activity.
Keywords:
HIITchrono-exercisecircadian rhythmcollege studentsfeasibility pilot trialphysical fitnessrandomized controlled trial

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  • Random assignment to morning HIIT, evening HIIT, or a control group, with three weekly HIIT sessions for eight weeks.
  • Feasibility assessed via recruitment, retention, adherence, and data completeness; effectiveness evaluated through body composition, cardiorespiratory fitness, strength, endurance, and flexibility.

    • Main Results:

    • The study will report on recruitment rates, participant retention, adherence to the HIIT protocol, and data completeness.
    • Preliminary effectiveness will be determined by changes in key fitness indicators across the intervention groups.
    • Qualitative data from interviews will provide insights into student experiences and adherence factors.

    Conclusions:

    • The findings will establish the feasibility of time-specific HIIT programs in Chinese college settings.
    • The study will offer preliminary evidence on the effectiveness of morning versus evening HIIT for improving student fitness.
    • Results will guide future research and interventions in chrono-exercise for university students.