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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
There are several types of targeted therapies against specific...
Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine

Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
Treatment Resistent Cancers02:56

Treatment Resistent Cancers

Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the United States. A cancer cell is genetically unstable and hence can mutate faster. They can also modify their microenvironment and escape immune surveillance. The difficulties in treating cancer are further compounded by the emergence of rapid resistance to anticancer drugs. The most common ways to attain resistance in cancer cells include alteration in drug transport and metabolism, modification of drug target, elevated DNA damage response, or...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology
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Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Published on: May 2, 2025

Advances in Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors for Cancer Treatment.

Keqiang Chen1, Feng Zhu1, Xin Li1

  • 1Cancer Innovation Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.

Cancers
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cancer immunotherapy has advanced with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) that block immune evasion. This review covers established and novel targets, clinical progress, and strategies to overcome resistance to ICIs in cancer treatment.

Keywords:
cancer immunotherapyemerging immune checkpoint proteinsimmune checkpoint inhibitorsimmune checkpoint proteinstumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Tumor cells evade immune surveillance by exploiting immune checkpoint pathways.
  • Immune checkpoint proteins regulate immune cell activity and are crucial in cancer development.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) are a significant breakthrough in cancer immunotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of immune checkpoint proteins in cancer.
  • To discuss the regulation, therapeutic targeting, and clinical advances of ICIs.
  • To examine mechanisms of ICI resistance and strategies to overcome them.

Main Methods:

  • Review of classical checkpoints (PD-1, PD-L1, CTLA-4) and emerging targets (LAG-3, TIM-3, TIGIT, etc.).
  • Summary of current clinical applications and therapeutic potential of ICIs.
  • Analysis of resistance mechanisms and future therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

  • ICIs restore antitumor immunity by reactivating suppressed immune cells.
  • Multiple classical and emerging immune checkpoint targets are being investigated for cancer therapy.
  • Understanding resistance mechanisms is key to improving ICI efficacy.

Conclusions:

  • Immune checkpoint blockade represents a powerful strategy in cancer immunotherapy.
  • Targeting diverse immune checkpoints offers potential for enhanced antitumor responses.
  • Future research should focus on overcoming ICI resistance for improved patient outcomes.