Nickel-Based Catalysts for CO₂ Methanation Supported on Plant Biomass-Based Activated Carbons-A Comprehensive Review

The catalytic hydrogenation of carbon dioxide (CO₂) to methane (CH₄), commonly known as the Sabatier reaction, is a promising pathway for carbon capture and utilization (CCU). Nickel-based catalysts are cost-effective alternatives to noble metal systems, especially when supported on activated carbons derived from plant biomass. This review critically examines the basics of CO₂ methanation, the role of catalyst composition and support materials, and the growing interest in biomass-derived activated carbons. Special emphasis is placed on synthesis routes, physicochemical properties, catalytic performance, and sustainability aspects. A comparative assessment of catalysts derived from different biomass sources is included, pointing out the most important factors influencing activity, durability, and economic feasibility.