Sustainable Extraction of Bioactive Phenolic Compounds from Cannabis Leaf Powder from Local Strain of Tucumán,...

This study aimed to optimize the extraction of total phenolic compounds from Cannabis sativa L. leaf powder cultivated in Tucumán, Argentina (INBIOFIV 00500 Tuc chemotype), using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and to evaluate the process at a screening level in terms of environmental performance. Although leaves are not the primary raw material in the medicinal cannabis industry-where inflorescences are preferentially used due to their cannabinoid content-they represent an underutilized biomass with potential for valorization as a source of bioactive phenolic compounds for cosmetic, food, and pharmaceutical applications. The leaves were dried and ground to a particle size between 74 and 840 µm. The effects of process parameters, including solid-to-liquid ratio, solvent composition, and extraction time, were evaluated using response surface methodology (RSM). The optimal conditions predicted by the model were 46% ethanol, a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:10 (w/v), 70% amplitude, and 30 °C. Although the model indicated a short optimal sonication time (1 min), experimental results showed that a plateau in extraction yield was reached at 6 min, with no significant increase thereafter. Under these conditions, the extract exhibited high total phenolic content (1746.83 µg GAE/mL) and total flavonoids (858.41 µg QE/mL), along with strong antioxidant activity. The extract showed no significant toxicity in the Artemia salina assay. The environmental performance of the process was assessed at a laboratory scale. The total energy consumption was 0.329 ± 0.08 kWh per extraction batch, corresponding to a carbon footprint of 0.12 kg CO₂ per batch, based on Argentina's electricity emission factor (0.387 kg CO₂/kWh). When normalized to extraction yield, the process exhibited a relative carbon footprint of 0.0052 kg CO₂/mg GAE, indicating favorable energy efficiency per unit of antioxidant recovered. These results demonstrate that UAE is a rapid and energy-efficient technique for the recovery of phenolic compounds from cannabis leaves, supporting their valorization within a circular economy framework. However, further studies at a pilot scale and full life cycle assessment are required to confirm the environmental performance of the process at industrial level.