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Monitoring Ethylene Oxide Residues in Food: A Simplified QuEChERS-Based GC-MS/MS Method for Routine Analysis.

Tabita Mauti1, Daniela Delfino1,2, Valentina Nicolini1

  • 1Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Lazio e della Toscana M. Aleandri, Via Appia Nuova 1411, 00178 Rome, Italy.

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|June 12, 2026
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Summary

Ethylene oxide (EtO) contamination in imported foods remains a concern. A new GC-MS/MS method detects EtO and its metabolite 2-CE, finding violations of EU limits in two analyzed food samples.

Keywords:
2-chloroethanolQuEChERS methodethylene oxidefood contaminantsfood safetymethod validationpesticide residue analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Food Safety and Analytical Chemistry
  • Chemical Analysis of Contaminants

Background:

  • Ethylene oxide (EtO) has been banned as a food fumigant in the EU since 1991.
  • Recurrent contamination incidents since 2020, particularly from Indian imports, highlight ongoing food safety risks.
  • EtO and its metabolite 2-chloroethanol (2-CE) are detected in various food products, including dried foods, supplements, and additives.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a sensitive method for detecting ethylene oxide (EtO) and 2-chloroethanol (2-CE) in food matrices.
  • To assess compliance with European Union maximum residue limits (MRLs) for EtO in imported food commodities.
  • To provide an adaptable analytical method for laboratories performing multi-residue pesticide analysis.

Main Methods:

  • A QuEChERS-based sample preparation method was employed.
  • Ethylene oxide (EtO) was converted to 2-chloroethanol (2-CE) for analysis.
  • Quantification was performed using isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) with an Agilent HP-5ms Ultra Inert column.

Main Results:

  • The method was validated according to SANTE/11312/2021 guidelines.
  • Out of 84 analyzed samples (primarily from India, also Brazil, Argentina, UK), 2-CE was detected in four.
  • Two samples exceeded the EU MRL for EtO when results were expressed as EtO (sum of EtO and 2-CE).

Conclusions:

  • The developed GC-MS/MS method is suitable for routine multi-residue analysis laboratories.
  • The findings indicate persistent issues with EtO contamination in certain food imports.
  • Continued monitoring and regulatory vigilance are necessary to ensure food safety regarding EtO residues.