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Related Concept Videos

Oligosaccharide Assembly01:24

Oligosaccharide Assembly

Protein glycosylation starts in the ER lumen and continues in the Golgi apparatus. Glycosyltransferases catalyze the addition of sugar molecules or glycosylation of proteins. Usually, these enzymes add sugars to the hydroxyl groups of selected serine or threonine residues to form O-linked glycans or the amino groups of asparagine residues to form N-linked glycans. Different positions on the same polypeptide chain can contain differently linked glycans.
Multiple sugar molecules that may or may...
Formation of Lipopolysaccharides01:19

Formation of Lipopolysaccharides

Lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are crucial components of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, serving both structural and functional roles. It contributes to membrane stability and protects bacteria from host immune responses. LPS is composed of three major regions—lipid A, a core oligosaccharide, and an O antigen. The biosynthesis and assembly of LPS involve a highly coordinated set of enzymatic reactions and transport mechanisms. Additionally, LPS is recognized as an endotoxin, triggering...
Glycocalyx and its Functions01:14

Glycocalyx and its Functions

The glycocalyx is a carbohydrate-rich, fuzzy-appearing layer on the outer surface of the cell membrane. It is highly hydrophilic, because of this it attracts large amounts of water to the cell's surface. This aids the cell's interaction with the watery environment and also helps it to obtain substances dissolved in the water. It is also important for cell identification, self/non-self determination, and embryonic development and is used in cell-to-cell attachments to form tissues.
Components of...
Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides01:26

Biosynthesis of Polysaccharides

Polysaccharides such as glycogen and starch are synthesized from nucleoside diphosphate sugars, primarily uridine diphosphate glucose (UDPG) and adenosine diphosphate glucose (ADPG). These activated glucose donors act as key intermediates in carbohydrate metabolism and biosynthesis. UDPG primarily involves glycogen synthesis in animals and many bacteria, while ADPG plays a fundamental role in starch synthesis in plants and certain bacteria.UDPG is formed when glucose-1-phosphate reacts with...
Protein Glycosylation01:25

Protein Glycosylation

Glycosylation, the most common post-translational modification for proteins, serves diverse functions. Adding sugars to proteins makes the proteins more resistant to proteolytic digestion. Glycosylated proteins can act as markers and receptors to promote cell-cell adhesion. Additionally, they have many essential quality control functions in the cell, such as correct protein folding and facilitating transport of misfolded proteins to the cytosol, which can be degraded.
Glycosylation occurs in...
Chemistry of Carbohydrates03:25

Chemistry of Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are an essential part of the diet in humans and animals. Grains, fruits, and vegetables are natural sources of carbohydrates that provide energy to the body, particularly through glucose, a simple sugar that is a component of starch and an ingredient in many staple foods. The stoichiometric formula (CH2O)n, where n is the number of carbons in the molecule represents carbohydrates. In other words, the ratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen is 1:2:1 in carbohydrate molecules. This...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Generation of Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells with Differing Sialylated Phenotypes
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Published on: October 20, 2023

Deciphering the Structure-Immunomodulatory Function Relationships of Homopolysaccharides.

Gege Hu1,2, Bingyu Yang2,3, Han Song2,3

  • 1School of Light Industry Science and Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing 100048, China.

Nutrients
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Natural homopolysaccharides (HoPSs) are bioactive compounds with significant health benefits. This review outlines their structure-function relationships, highlighting their role in immunity and nutrition for potential health applications.

Keywords:
homopolysaccharides (HoPSs)immunomodulatory activitysignal pathwaystructural characterizationstructure–activity relationship

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Area of Science:

  • Nutritional Immunology
  • Glycobiology
  • Food Science

Background:

  • Natural homopolysaccharides (HoPSs) are increasingly recognized for their bioactive properties and relevance to human health.
  • Understanding the relationship between HoPS structure and their immunomodulatory activity is crucial for harnessing their benefits.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To synthesize current knowledge on HoPS extraction, structural characterization, and structure-immunomodulatory activity relationships.
  • To propose a hierarchical framework integrating HoPS structure-function relationships.
  • To identify research gaps and suggest future directions for HoPS research and application.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature synthesis and integration of existing studies.
  • Development of a unified hierarchical framework for HoPS structure-function relationships.
  • Analysis of evidence from cellular signaling pathways, gut microbiota, and metabolite interactions.

Main Results:

  • HoPSs exhibit anti-infection and anti-inflammatory effects, along with nutritional and metabolic benefits.
  • A hierarchical framework is proposed, organizing HoPS structure-function relationships into primary recognition, mid-level regulation, and functional refinement.
  • Key structural determinants include molecular weight, glycosidic linkages, chain conformation, branching, and chemical modifications.

Conclusions:

  • HoPSs possess significant immunomodulatory and health-promoting properties.
  • The proposed framework provides a structured reference for future investigations into HoPSs.
  • Further research focusing on precise structural elucidation and multidimensional studies is needed for optimizing HoPSs in functional foods and medicine.