An M5Stamp Pico-Based IoT Soil Monitoring System for Soil Water-Salinity Diagnosis in a Coastal Reclaimed Pepper...

Coastal reclaimed polders with shallow saline groundwater support intensive greenhouse horticulture but require timely diagnosis of root-zone water and salinity conditions. This study developed a compact Internet-of-Things (IoT) monitoring system based on the M5Stamp Pico microcontroller to acquire SDI-12 soil-sensor data, buffer records locally, and transfer them to a low-cost cloud dashboard. Outside-greenhouse validation showed high operational reliability, with a missing observation rate of only 0.9%, and acceptable agreement with a reference TDR100 for both volumetric water content (θ) and bulk electrical conductivity (EC_b). The system was then applied to ridge-position monitoring in a commercial pepper greenhouse on a coastal reclaimed polder. The ridge records captured depth-dependent infiltration and salinity redistribution under drip irrigation, together with contrasting responses between the cultivated layer and shallow groundwater. Potential-based interpretation indicated that the monitored ridge root zone was often not strongly limited by matric potential, whereas osmotic potential derived from pore-water salinity showed reduced water availability even when the soil remained relatively wet. These results demonstrate that continuous real-time monitoring at the ridge position can support diagnosis of root-zone stress and provide useful information for irrigation and fertigation management in salt-affected greenhouse soils.