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Agreement and Reliability of Running Stride-Time Variability Analyses from Wearable Devices.

Ben D M Jones1,2, Jon Wheat3, Kane Middleton2

  • 1Sport and Physical Activity Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Olympic Legacy Park, 2 Old Hall Rd, Sheffield S9 3TY, UK.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Wearable devices like Loadsol insoles can measure stride-time variability (coefficient of variation and DFA-alpha) reliably for runners. However, accuracy depends on the device and sampling rate, requiring cautious interpretation of changes over time.

Keywords:
agreementevent detectiongait variabilityreliabilityrunningwearable devices

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Sports Science
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Stride-time variability analysis is crucial for understanding running dynamics.
  • Existing research often lacks consideration for how stride data is collected.
  • Wearable sensor accuracy for gait analysis requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the agreement and reliability of stride-time variability measures from various wearable devices against an instrumented treadmill.
  • To determine the impact of sampling rates on the accuracy of wearable-derived stride variability data.

Main Methods:

  • Thirty-one runners performed running trials over two days.
  • Stride times were collected using Loadsol insoles, Blue Trident IMUs (at varying sampling rates), RunScribe IMUs, and an AMTI instrumented treadmill.
  • Stride-time coefficient of variation (CV) and detrended fluctuation analysis (DFA-α) were calculated and compared using Bland Altman plots and concordance correlation coefficients.

Main Results:

  • Loadsol insoles demonstrated the highest agreement with the instrumented treadmill, while RunScribe IMUs showed the lowest.
  • For Blue Trident IMUs, sampling rates below 400 Hz decreased agreement.
  • Between-day reliability was moderate-to-good for CV and poor-to-moderate for DFA-α.

Conclusions:

  • Loadsol insoles and Blue Trident IMUs (at adequate sampling rates) are viable for stride-time variability analysis in runners.
  • Users should be cautious when interpreting longitudinal changes in stride variability due to device-specific variations and reliability.