Dynamic DNA Nanomachines for Biosensing and Drug Delivery

DNA nanotechnology exploits the high precision and programmability of base complementary pairing to construct diverse nanostructures. Especially, the integration of stimuli-responsive modules has driven the evolution of DNA nanostructures toward dynamic nanomachines, conferring significant advantages in biomedical applications. In this review, the stimulus-response strategies of DNA nanostructures are first outlined, including molecular-driven mechanisms and environmental stimulation methods. The recent advances in the application of nanomachines based on various response strategies in biosensing and drug delivery are then elaborated. Finally, current challenges and prospects for these nanomachines in clinical diagnosis and precision therapy are discussed. This review provides a systematic reference for the development of responsive DNA nanomachines and the exploration of their biomedical applications.