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Potentiometry: Membrane Electrodes

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Membrane electrodes, also known as p-ion electrodes, use membranes that selectively interact with free analyte ions, generating a potential difference across the membrane. The resulting membrane potential, known as the asymmetry potential, is not zero even when analyte concentrations on both sides of the membrane are equal. The membrane's response is typically not selective to a single analyte but proportional to the concentration of all ions in the sample solution capable of interacting at the...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Published on: February 4, 2016

Beyond Membrane Potential: Exploiting Signal Complexity in Genetically Encoded Voltage Indicators.

Nazarii Frankiv^1,2, Haeun Lee^1,2, Bradley J Baker^1,2

¹Brain Science Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 12, 2026

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) offer optical access to membrane potential but are complex. Their signals are composite, not single processes, requiring new interpretation for broader applications.

Keywords:

composite optical signals fluorescence signal interpretation genetically encoded voltage indicators membrane physiology optical voltage imaging ΔF/F

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Imaging Membrane Potential with Two Types of Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Voltage Sensors

Published on: February 4, 2016

Measuring the Induced Membrane Voltage with Di-8-ANEPPS

Measuring the Induced Membrane Voltage with Di-8-ANEPPS

Published on: November 19, 2009

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biophysics
Optical Imaging

Background:

Genetically encoded voltage indicators (GEVIs) promise optical access to membrane potential.
GEVI adoption lags behind genetically encoded calcium indicators due to evaluation metric limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

Reinterpret the composite nature of GEVI signals.
Propose new strategies to exploit GEVI signal complexity for enhanced physiological insights.

Main Methods:

Perspective-based analysis of GEVI signal composition.
Critique of traditional GEVI evaluation metrics like fractional fluorescence change (ΔF/F).

Main Results:

GEVI signals are composite, arising from multiple superimposed sources (voltage-dependent fluorescence, background, etc.).
Fractional fluorescence change (ΔF/F) is a contrast metric, not a direct measure of sensitivity.
Signal complexity explains variability and offers opportunities for multiplexed physiological reporting.

Conclusions:

GEVI signal complexity is a resource, not just noise.
Resolving composite signal components enables reporting of multiplexed variables and cellular physiology.
Shift focus from ΔF/F as a gold standard to a component of richer optical measurements.