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Pulmonary development in Squamata: Insights from embryonic studies using micro-CT.

Barbara G Champini¹, Raul E Diaz², Emma R Schachner³

¹Departamento de Biologia, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.

Developmental Dynamics : an Official Publication of the American Association of Anatomists

|June 12, 2026

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Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) reveals the intricate process of lung development in lizard and snake embryos. This advanced imaging technique visualizes the formation of respiratory structures, offering insights into reptilian pulmonary evolution.

Area of Science:

Comparative anatomy
Developmental biology
Evolutionary biology

Background:

Pulmonary development in squamates (lizards and snakes) is complex, with diverse lung structures in adults.
Embryonic respiratory system development has been historically understudied since the mid-20th century.
Advancements in imaging technology enable non-invasive study of embryonic development.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate embryonic respiratory system development in squamates using advanced imaging.
To analyze the progression of pulmonary structures during embryonic development.
To assess the utility of micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for studying embryonic lungs.

Main Methods:

Utilized micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) for three-dimensional reconstruction of respiratory systems.

Keywords:

computed tomography embryology non‐invasive technique reptiles

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Analyzed lung development in five lizard species and one snake species.

Examined extrapulmonary airways and pulmonary structures in embryos at various developmental stages.

Main Results:

Pulmonary parenchyma development was not detectable in the earliest embryonic stages.
Later embryonic stages showed observable faveolar parenchyma and intrapulmonary subdivisions.
The observed structures in later stages resembled adult lung morphology.

Conclusions:

Micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) is a viable method for studying embryonic respiratory systems.
The findings offer insights into the evolution and developmental trajectory of the respiratory system in Squamata.
This study highlights the potential for non-invasive imaging in understanding reptilian embryogenesis.