From Sampling to Screening: A Review of Targeted and Non-Targeted PFAS Analysis in Environmental Samples

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) constitute a large class of highly persistent synthetic chemicals widely distributed in environmental and biological matrices. The growing recognition of their environmental persistence, mobility, and potential adverse health effects has intensified the need for comprehensive and reliable analytical strategies. This review critically examines current approaches to PFAS determination, with emphasis on advanced analytical methodologies. Targeted liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) remains the gold standard for regulatory monitoring, but its applicability is restricted to predefined lists of known compounds. In response to the increasing structural diversity of PFAS, non-targeted and suspect screening workflows based on high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) are gaining prominence, enabling identification of previously unrecognized compounds and transformation products. Special attention is devoted to screening strategies, data processing challenges, and methodological limitations. In addition, electroanalytical and sum parameter methods, including total fluorine (TOF), extractable organofluorine (EOF), and adsorbable organofluorine (AOF), are discussed as complementary tools. The review highlights the importance of harmonized sampling protocols, quality assurance, and method validation. Integrating targeted quantification, non-targeted approaches, and fluorine mass balance concepts enables comprehensive PFAS monitoring.