Advances in gene cloning and functional genomics approaches for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a globally important cereal crop which provides ∼20% calories in human diet. Identifying genes and elucidating their functions is still challenging in wheat due to its large genome (∼16 Gb) with significant amount of repetitive elements. However, the gene cloning and functional characterization efforts are gradually picking up over the last decade. In this review article, we discussed the recent advances in wheat functional genomics including strategies (beyond the map-based cloning) based on next-generation sequencing, association analysis, and bulk segregant analysis along with its modifications. We also discussed how functional genomics approaches including conventional, genetic engineering, genome editing, and transient gene expression can be utilized in wheat improvement. Besides recent developments, we discussed the possible opportunities available for improving the field of gene cloning and functional genomics in wheat. Introducing the innovative and advanced functional genomics tools helps in identification and functional validation of target genes in wheat for faster genetic gain.