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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

Muscles that Move the Head

The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
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Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx as...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Measurement & Analysis of the Temporal Discrimination Threshold Applied to Cervical Dystonia
10:05

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Published on: January 27, 2018

How Do I: How and When Do I Inject Suboccipital Muscles in Cervical Dystonia.

Shreyashi Jha1,2, Arun Mathai Mani1, Mandar S Jog3

  • 1Clinical Fellow in Movement Disorders, National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence in Parkinson Disease and Movement Disorders Program, London Health Sciences Centre, Western University, London, ON, Canada.

Movement Disorders Clinical Practice
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Cervical dystonia (CD) involves neck muscle contractions causing abnormal postures. This study details the anatomy and injection techniques for five suboccipital muscles crucial for treating CD caput movements.

Keywords:
CaputCollisOCIcervical dystoniasuboccipital muscles

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Published on: November 9, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Anatomy
  • Movement Disorders

Background:

  • Cervical dystonia (CD) presents with involuntary neck muscle contractions, abnormal postures, and potential pain or tremor.
  • The COL-CAP framework categorizes CD into Caput (occipito-atlantal/atlantoaxial joints) and Collis (cervical spine) subtypes.
  • Suboccipital muscles significantly contribute to CD's static and dynamic caput movements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the anatomy of five key suboccipital muscles involved in cervical dystonia.
  • To outline the indications and techniques for botulinum toxin injections in these muscles.
  • To provide guidance for movement disorder specialists on optimizing CD treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Detailed anatomical description of five suboccipital muscles: Obliquus Capitis Inferioris, Semispinalis Capitis, Rectus Capitis Posterior Major, Obliquus Capitis Superioris, and Longissimus Capitis.
  • Explanation of the clinical relevance of these muscles in cervical dystonia.
  • Description of botulinum toxin injection techniques, including needle placement.

Main Results:

  • Identification of five suboccipital muscles as primary drivers of caput movements in cervical dystonia.
  • Demonstration of accurate injection techniques for these muscles to improve CD symptoms.
  • Emphasis on the importance of anatomical understanding for effective treatment.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate botulinum toxin injections into specific suboccipital muscles can optimize treatment outcomes for cervical dystonia.
  • Understanding the anatomy of these muscles is essential for successful intervention.
  • This video serves as a guide for specialists in managing CD through targeted muscle injections.