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Related Concept Videos

Health Literacy01:21

Health Literacy

Health literacy is an individual's or a community's capacity to comprehend, receive, read, and use relevant healthcare information and services. The World Health Organization (WHO, 2018) defines health literacy as the cognitive and social skills that determine the ability of individuals to gain access to, understand, and use information in ways that promote and maintain good health. As a result, the WHO helps individuals manage long-term health concerns, participate in preventative programs,...
Barriers to Effective Communication II01:21

Barriers to Effective Communication II

The barriers to effective communication also include cultural barriers, semantic barriers, gender barriers, and time constraints.
Cultural barriers:
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Adaptive Mechanisms in Cancer Cells02:53

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Cancer cells accumulate genetic changes at an abnormally rapid rate due to the defects in the DNA repair mechanisms. From an evolutionary perspective, such genetic instability is advantageous for cancer development. Mutant cell lines accumulate a series of beneficial mutations that contribute to their progression into cancer.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
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Non-equilibrium in the Cell01:16

Non-equilibrium in the Cell

An important concept in studying metabolism and energy is that of chemical equilibrium. Most chemical reactions are reversible. They can proceed in both directions, releasing energy into their environment in one direction, and absorbing it from the environment in the other direction. The same is true for the chemical reactions involved in cell metabolism, such as the breaking down and building up of proteins into and from individual amino acids, respectively. Reactants within a closed system...
Cancer Prevention02:59

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Bridging the Health Literacy Gap for Patients With Oral Cancer: Readability Enhancement With AI Chatbots.

Agata Baczynska1, Umar Rehman2, Shireen S Gohari3

  • 1Imperial College London, London, UK.

Journal of Oral Pathology & Medicine : Official Publication of the International Association of Oral Pathologists and the American Academy of Oral Pathology
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Large language models (LLMs) significantly improved the readability of oral cancer patient information, making it more accessible. This technology can help reduce health literacy disparities for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
National Health Service (UK)content fidelityhealth literacylarge language modelsmedical educationoral cancerpatient informationreadability

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Area of Science:

  • Health Literacy
  • Medical Communication
  • Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare

Background:

  • Patient education materials for oral cancer are often too complex for patients.
  • Low health literacy limits accessibility and timely management of oral cancer.
  • Early diagnosis is critical for improving oral cancer outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the readability of NHS oral cancer patient information.
  • To evaluate large language models (LLMs) for simplifying medical texts.
  • To develop an improved patient leaflet using LLM adjustments.

Main Methods:

  • Collected materials from NHS websites.
  • Assessed readability using FRES, FKGL, GFI, CLI, and SMOG.
  • Evaluated content fidelity using LSA and cosine similarity.
  • Conducted expert review of the proposed leaflet.

Main Results:

  • LLM revisions significantly improved text readability across all metrics (p < 0.0001).
  • Claude achieved a FRES score of 81.6, surpassing the 80 benchmark.
  • Content fidelity remained high, with LSA scores around 0.96.
  • The LLM-adjusted leaflet achieved a FRES score of 81.2.

Conclusions:

  • LLM-based simplification enhances readability and accessibility of oral cancer information.
  • This approach can reduce health literacy disparities.
  • Human oversight enables policy-level adoption for standardized patient education.