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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Construction of a Low-cost Mobile Incubator for Field and Laboratory Use
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Published on: March 19, 2019

Household Water and Sanitation Practices and Their Association With Diarrheal and Acute Respiratory Infections Among

Yula Salifu1, Paul Gyan2, Joseph Lasong3

  • 1Department of Population, Family and Reproductive Health, School of Public Health University of Ghana Legon Ghana.

Health Science Reports
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices were not significantly linked to childhood diarrhea or acute respiratory infections (ARI) in Ghana. Interventions should target geographic disparities and consider factors beyond WASH infrastructure.

Keywords:
GhanaWASHacute respiratory infectionschildren under fivedemographic and health surveydiarrheamultilevel modelingpredictive modelingspatial analysis

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Environmental Health
  • Pediatrics

Background:

  • Diarrhea and acute respiratory infections (ARI) are major causes of death in children under five in low- and middle-income countries.
  • Ghana has made progress in water and sanitation coverage, but significant regional and socioeconomic inequalities persist.
  • Understanding the role of household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) practices is crucial for reducing child morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the associations between household WASH practices and the prevalence of diarrhea, ARI, and their comorbidity in Ghanaian children under five.
  • To identify geographic and socioeconomic factors influencing these disease burdens.
  • To evaluate the predictive performance of statistical models for these childhood illnesses.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional analysis of 6344 children (0-59 months) from the 2022 Ghana Demographic and Health Survey.
  • Multilevel logistic regression and spatial analysis techniques were employed.
  • Predictive performance was assessed using cross-validation, Brier scores, and calibration plots.

Main Results:

  • Prevalence of diarrhea was 14.4%, ARI was 5.6%, and comorbidity was 1.8%, with a notable north-south gradient.
  • No household WASH variable showed a significant association with diarrhea or ARI after adjusting for confounders.
  • Child age, maternal education, household wealth, and stunting were associated with disease prevalence; only cooking fuel improvement showed a potential reduction in diarrhea.

Conclusions:

  • Household WASH infrastructure alone did not significantly predict childhood diarrhea, ARI, or comorbidity in Ghana.
  • Geographically targeted, multisectoral interventions are needed to address the observed north-south disease gradient.
  • Predictive models showed good discrimination but poor calibration, limiting their application for individual risk assessment.