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Updated: Jun 13, 2026
Assessing Binocular Central Visual Field and Binocular Eye Movements in a Dichoptic Viewing Condition
Published on: July 21, 2020
Atlas of Quality of Life in Binocular Visual Field Loss: A Comprehensive Study
Purpose:
To quantify the binocular integrated visual field (IVF) loss patterns with archetypal (AT) analysis and their associations with patients' Quality of Life (QoL).
Design:
Retrospective study.
Participants:
Over 125,000 patients from three datasets from Massachusetts Eye and Ear and Glaucoma Research Network Consortium.
Methods:
We used: (1) the Glaucoma Research Network excluding the Massachusetts Eye and Ear subset for the binocular archetypal model training (77, 270 IVFs from 77 270 patients), (2) Massachusetts Eye and Ear dataset for demographic correlation analysis (47,965 IVFs from 47,965 patients), and (3) the MEE Quality of Life Survey dataset for QoL correlation analysis (75 IVFs from 75 patients). The whole study was restricted to the most recent VF measurements from each subject and binocular VFs were constructed by the integrated visual field method, which was taking the higher sensitivity at each test location. We first applied archetypal analysis to cluster 24-2 binocular VFs into archetypal patterns. The total number of patterns was determined by the Bayes factor. Pearson's correlations analyzed the associations between patients demographic information, binocular VF patterns and QoL scores, and the coefficients were set to 0 if p-values corrected by multiple comparisons ≥ 0.05.
Main Outcome Measures:
A binocular VF archetypal patterns and its relationships with demographic divergences and QoL.
Results:
We identified 17 binocular VF loss patterns. Patterns with major vision impairment (AT10, AT12, AT13, AT14, and AT17) were more common in older patients, while Black or African Americans exhibited a broader spectrum of visual loss, notably AT5 and AT12, compared to Asian and White counterparts. 81 MEE patients with QoL survey data was analyzed to investigate the impact of demographic and vision-related variables on QoL. Older age and female gender were significantly associated with lower QoL. Binocular central vision loss (AT 5) and total vision loss (AT 12) had a significantly greater impact on QoL than binocular peripheral vision loss (AT 2, AT 5, AT 16).
Conclusions:
Individuals with central or total vision loss, as well as certain demographic groups, experience a significantly greater impact on quality of life. The quantifications of binocular VF loss patterns by archetypal analysis may help better understand glaucoma's impact on patients' quality of life.
