Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction Conditions for Phenolic Content and Antioxidant Activity in Green...

Area of Science:

• Agricultural Science
• Food Science
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Green mango peel (Mangifera indica L.) is an abundant agro-industrial byproduct.
• It possesses significant phenolic compounds with strong antioxidant potential.
• Efficient extraction methods are needed to harness these bioactives for food and nutraceuticals.

Purpose of the Study:

• To optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) conditions for maximizing total phenolic content (TPC), DPPH radical scavenging activity, and reducing power from green mango peel.
• To investigate the effects of extraction time, temperature, and ethanol concentration using response surface methodology (RSM).

Main Methods:

• A Box-Behnken design (BBD) with three factors (time, temperature, ethanol concentration) and three levels was employed.
• Seventeen experimental runs were conducted to develop second-order polynomial models for TPC, DPPH, and reducing power.
• Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was used to confirm model adequacy and significance of variables.

Main Results:

• All independent variables significantly influenced TPC, DPPH, and reducing power (p < 0.01).
• The models showed high statistical performance with R² values ranging from 0.9943 to 0.9989.
• Optimal extraction conditions were determined as 36.25°C, 12 min, and 53.75% ethanol concentration, yielding TPC of 28 ± 1.5 mg GAE/g DW, DPPH scavenging activity of 58 ± 2%, and reducing power of 46 ± 1.8 mg AAE/g DW.

Conclusions:

• Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) combined with response surface methodology (RSM) is an efficient, reliable, and green strategy for extracting phenolic compounds from green mango peel.
• The optimized process supports sustainable valorization of agro-industrial waste.
• Mango peel is a promising source of functional ingredients for antioxidant-rich food and nutraceutical applications.