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A digital droplet microarray for measuring tolerance to antibiotics.

Rena Fukuda1, Nadia Nikulin2,3, Shenghao Tan1

  • 1Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University; Ithaca, 14853, United States.

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|June 12, 2026
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel method for measuring antibiotic tolerance in microbes. The new system uses Surface Patterned Omniphobic Tiles (SPOTs) for rapid, high-throughput, and precise quantification of viable cells.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Biotechnology
  • Antimicrobial Resistance

Background:

  • Antibiotic tolerance allows microbes to survive lethal antibiotic doses, promoting reinfection and resistance evolution.
  • Current methods for measuring antibiotic tolerance are often low-throughput or semi-quantitative.
  • Accurate and efficient tolerance measurement is crucial for understanding microbial survival strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a rapid, precise, and high-throughput system for measuring antibiotic tolerance.
  • To overcome limitations of existing low-throughput or semi-quantitative tolerance assays.
  • To provide a versatile platform for monitoring microbial tolerance dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel assay utilizing Surface Patterned Omniphobic Tiles (SPOTs).
  • Discretization of cell suspensions into nano-to microliter droplets on SPOTs.
  • Estimation of viable cell concentration via the proportion of empty droplets using Poissonian statistics.

Main Results:

  • Successful implementation of the SPOTs platform for antibiotic tolerance measurements.
  • Demonstrated proof-of-concept by monitoring *Klebsiella pneumoniae* tolerance to meropenem over time.
  • The assay exhibits accessibility, broad media compatibility, large dynamic range, high resolution, and rapid handling.

Conclusions:

  • The developed SPOTs-based assay offers a significant advancement in antibiotic tolerance measurement.
  • This high-throughput method facilitates precise and rapid quantification of microbial viability under antibiotic stress.
  • The platform has broad applicability for studying microbial tolerance and informing antimicrobial strategies.