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Related Concept Videos

Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

Integration of Synaptic Events

Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
Long-term Potentiation01:25

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Hebbian LTP
LTP can occur when presynaptic neurons...
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Graded Potential01:19

Graded Potential

Graded potentials are localized fluctuations in the cell membrane's electrical charge, commonly found in the dendrites of neurons. The magnitude of these potential changes depends on the strength of the initiating stimulus. In a membrane at its resting potential, a graded potential signifies a voltage shift either above -70 mV or below -70 mV.
Graded potentials fall into two categories: depolarizing and hyperpolarizing. Depolarizing graded potentials typically occur when sodium (Na+) or calcium...
Synaptic Signaling01:09

Synaptic Signaling

Neurons communicate at synapses, or junctions, to excite or inhibit the activity of other neurons or target cells, such as muscles. Synapses may be chemical or electrical.
Most synapses are chemical, meaning an electrical impulse or action potential spurs the release of chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. The neuron sending the signal is called the presynaptic neuron, and the neuron receiving the signal is the postsynaptic neuron.
The presynaptic neuron fires an action potential that...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity
07:13

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity

Published on: May 18, 2020

Synaptic Plasticity as a Function of the Temporal Derivative.

Jinyoung Jang1, Juan C Flores1, Karen Zito1

  • 1Center for Neuroscience, University of California Davis, Davis, CA.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The brain

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

3D Modeling of Dendritic Spines with Synaptic Plasticity
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Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology
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Evaluation of Synaptic Multiplicity Using Whole-cell Patch-clamp Electrophysiology

Published on: April 23, 2019

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
09:49

Assessing Changes in Synaptic Plasticity Using an Awake Closed-Head Injury Model of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury

Published on: January 20, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Computational Neuroscience
  • Synaptic Plasticity

Background:

  • The neocortex's learning algorithm remains a key neuroscience question.
  • Artificial intelligence uses error backpropagation for learning.
  • Temporal derivatives of neural activity may approximate backpropagated error gradients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test if synaptic plasticity direction depends on the temporal derivative of synaptic activity.
  • To investigate this within a 200 ms theta cycle in mouse hippocampal slices.

Main Methods:

  • Presynaptic activity (25 Hz or 50 Hz) and postsynaptic depolarization (low or high) were manipulated over two 100 ms intervals.
  • All four 2x2 combinations of low/high activity were tested.
  • Synaptic efficacy was measured via EPSP amplitude.

Main Results:

  • A positive temporal derivative (low to high activity) induced long-term potentiation (LTP).
  • A negative temporal derivative (high to low activity) induced long-term depression (LTD).
  • Stable activity levels (low or high) resulted in no net synaptic change.

Conclusions:

  • Synaptic plasticity direction is dependent on the temporal derivative of synaptic activity.
  • This finding supports a potential biological mechanism for error backpropagation in the brain.
  • The results highlight the importance of activity dynamics, not just magnitude, for synaptic modification.