Hierarchical classification of immune cell transcriptomes at population-scale

Accurate immune cell classification is essential for interpreting single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data. However, progress in automating cell type annotation is constrained by the lack of independent, high-resolution benchmarks, as routine data integration introduces statistical dependencies that inflate model generalizability. Here, we present the single-cell universal classification omnibus (Suco), a resource of independent, uniform expert annotations, and Compocyte, a modular hierarchical classifier. Together, they establish a framework that substantially outperforms existing classifiers while facilitating expert review of ambiguous annotations. Applying Compocyte across 50 studies, including three newly generated datasets, we classified 15.6 million leukocytes from 3,965 patients. Within this cohort, we identified a new tumor-associated resorptive macrophage phenotype, a non-canonical monocyte subtype in subclinical cytokine release syndrome, and the programmatic erosion of T cell memory stemness across metastatic sites. Suco and Compocyte thus provide a generalizable framework to uncover the principles governing human immunity at population scale.