Metabolic Syndrome: a Clinical Case Report and Literature Review

To present a clinical case of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and to provide a concise pathophysiological overview with emphasis on underlying metabolic and inflammatory mechanisms.

This study is a case report combined with a focused literature review. We describe a patient with MetS who was evaluated and treated at the Hospital of Vietnam National University in Hanoi, Vietnam.

A 20-year-old male presented with headaches and palpitations. Clinical examination revealed obesity (BMI 37.1) with a waist circumference of 111 cm, dyslipidemia (triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol/LDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol: 3.84/1.15/4.39/7.29 mmol/L), and hyperglycemia (blood glucose 7.07 mmol/L, HbA1c 7.2%). The patient also exhibited sinus tachycardia and elevated blood pressure, which was confirmed by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. The triglyceride-to-HDL cholesterol ratio was approximately 3.34, indicating insulin resistance and increased cardiovascular risk. Based on these findings, metabolic syndrome associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus, and hypertension was diagnosed.

This case highlights the early manifestation of metabolic syndrome and illustrates its underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Effective management requires early diagnosis, lifestyle modification, weight reduction, and individualized pharmacological therapy to improve metabolic control and reduce long-term cardiovascular risk.