Developing an evidence-based framework of contemporary character development at Outward Bound Schools

This paper presents an evidence‑based framework for character development across the global network of Outward Bound (OB) Schools. Using the Eisenhardt multiple‑case, cross‑case theory‑building method, the study examined 11 OB Schools operating in diverse cultural and operational contexts to understand how character development is fostered worldwide. Analysis revealed five key "levers" that were associated with character development opportunities: educational philosophy, service, authentic adventure, educational models, and instructor behaviors. These levers vary by context yet appear most potent when intentionally aligned to create coherent educational experiences. The resulting framework provides a practical tool for OB Schools seeking to strengthen character development through aligned design and implementation strategies. More broadly, this work advances the field of character education by highlighting both the distinctive strengths of outdoor experiential learning and the ways a global educational organization can balance overarching pedagogical coherence with the need for local adaptability.