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Developing an evidence-based framework of contemporary character development at Outward Bound Schools
Jim Sibthorp1, Nick Rushford1, Pete Allison2
1Department of Parks, Recreation, and Tourism, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America.
Plos One
|June 12, 2026
Summary
This study reveals five key levers for character development in Outward Bound (OB) Schools globally. Aligning these levers—educational philosophy, service, adventure, models, and instructor behaviors—enhances character education outcomes worldwide.
Area of Science:
- Education
- Psychology
- Organizational Studies
Background:
- Character development is crucial for holistic education.
- Outdoor experiential learning offers unique opportunities for character growth.
- Global organizations require adaptable frameworks for consistent educational impact.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop an evidence-based framework for character development in Outward Bound (OB) Schools globally.
- To identify key factors influencing character development across diverse cultural contexts.
- To provide practical tools for enhancing character education strategies.
Main Methods:
- Utilized Eisenhardt's multiple-case, cross-case theory-building method.
- Examined 11 Outward Bound Schools in varied international settings.
- Conducted cross-case analysis to identify common themes and variations.
Main Results:
- Identified five key 'levers' for character development: educational philosophy, service, authentic adventure, educational models, and instructor behaviors.
- Found that these levers are most effective when intentionally aligned within specific contexts.
- Observed that successful frameworks balance global pedagogical coherence with local adaptability.
Conclusions:
- The proposed framework offers a practical tool for OB Schools to strengthen character development.
- Highlights the unique contributions of outdoor experiential learning to character education.
- Demonstrates how global organizations can achieve both consistency and flexibility in educational approaches.
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