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Related Concept Videos

Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this information.
Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
 Glutamate and Synaptic Plasticity
Glutamate, the brain's main excitatory neurotransmitter, is critical for...
Neuroplasticity01:01

Neuroplasticity

Neuroplasticity reflects the brain's remarkable capacity to adapt and evolve, responding dynamically to learning, experiences, or injury by reorganizing its neural circuitry. This reorganization involves creating new neural connections and refining old ones through a series of biological processes that contribute to the brain's lifelong development and adaptability.
Long-term Potentiation01:35

Long-term Potentiation

Long-term potentiation, or LTP, is one of the ways by which synaptic plasticity—changes in the strength of chemical synapses—can occur in the brain. LTP is the process of synaptic strengthening that occurs over time between pre- and postsynaptic neuronal connections. The synaptic strengthening of LTP works in opposition to the synaptic weakening of long-term depression (LTD) and together are the main mechanisms that underlie learning and memory.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity
06:11

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity

Published on: September 26, 2025

Personalized Network-Guided Neuromodulation Enhances Human Working Memory.

Ahsan Khan1,2,3, Hongming Li4,5, Camille Blaine1,2

  • 1Center For Brain Imaging and Stimulation, Department of Psychiatry, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Personalized brain stimulation using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) precisely targets working memory networks. Optimal stimulation frequency varies per individual, improving cognitive function and demonstrating a new adaptive neuromodulation approach.

Keywords:
brain state decodingfunctional brain networkspersonalized neuromodulationtranscranial magnetic stimulationworking memory

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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement
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Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Published on: September 18, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity
06:11

High-definition Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation over Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex to Enhance Metacognitive Sensitivity

Published on: September 26, 2025

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement
10:37

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Memory Enhancement

Published on: September 18, 2021

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Personalized and adaptive neuromodulation protocols are crucial for advancing cognitive enhancement.
  • Individual functional neuroanatomy and dynamic brain states necessitate tailored approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce an adaptive neuromodulation framework integrating individualized network targeting with real-time brain state decoding.
  • To precisely target working memory functional networks for cognitive enhancement.

Main Methods:

  • Concurrent transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to map participant-specific networks.
  • Real-time decoding of brain states to determine optimal stimulation frequency (5, 10, or 20 Hz) for individuals.
  • Multi-session crossover study to assess working memory improvement.

Main Results:

  • Optimal-frequency TMS significantly improved working memory, with decoder output predicting behavioral gains.
  • Substantial inter-individual variability in optimal stimulation frequency was observed.
  • Cognitive enhancement depends on the precise interaction between stimulation target and frequency.

Conclusions:

  • Demonstrates a causal link between personalized, network-based neuromodulation and cognitive enhancement.
  • Provides proof of concept for a generalizable, biomarker-driven framework for cognitive therapeutics.
  • Highlights the importance of individual-specific parameters in neuromodulation protocols.