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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Correction of Presbyopia by Monocular Bi-Aspheric Ablation Profile
05:46

Correction of Presbyopia by Monocular Bi-Aspheric Ablation Profile

Published on: September 20, 2024

Inverse Bell Phenomenon and Superior Keratoconus.

Despoina Theotoka1, Brittany Perzia2, Taylor J Linaburg3

  • 1Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, Miami, FL.

Cornea
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Superior keratoconus, a rare condition, was found to co-occur with the inverse Bell phenomenon in four patients. This association suggests mechanical pressure during eye closure may contribute to keratoconus development.

Keywords:
corneainverse Bell phenomenonkeratoconusmechanical pressuresuperior keratoconus

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Correction of Presbyopia by Monocular Bi-Aspheric Ablation Profile
05:46

Correction of Presbyopia by Monocular Bi-Aspheric Ablation Profile

Published on: September 20, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Corneal Diseases
  • Ocular Motility

Background:

  • Keratoconus is a progressive thinning of the cornea, leading to irregular astigmatism.
  • The inverse Bell phenomenon, characterized by downward globe rotation during eye closure, is an uncommon finding.
  • The etiology of keratoconus is multifactorial, with mechanical factors proposed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the clinical presentation of superior keratoconus.
  • To investigate the association between superior keratoconus and the inverse Bell phenomenon.
  • To explore potential pathomechanisms in keratoconus development.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of patients diagnosed with keratoconus.
  • Analysis of patient demographics, clinical findings, and Pentacam corneal tomography.
  • Identification of cases with superior corneal steepening and inverse Bell phenomenon.

Main Results:

  • Four patients (6 eyes) with superior keratoconus were identified.
  • All identified patients exhibited the inverse Bell phenomenon.
  • Associated factors included sleeping positions involving eye pressure and floppy eyelid syndrome in some cases.

Conclusions:

  • Superior keratoconus and inverse Bell phenomenon can co-occur, representing rare ophthalmic conditions.
  • The inverse Bell phenomenon may increase mechanical stress on the superior cornea during lid closure.
  • This finding supports the hypothesis that mechanical pressure plays a role in the pathogenesis of keratoconus.