Convergence and innovative applications of cutting-edge biomedical technologies in brain organoid research

Brain organoids, as three-dimensional cellular models that recapitulate human brain development and function in vitro, have emerged as a pivotal platform for neuroscience research. However, it still faces many technical challenges in aspects such as the structural and physiological relevance, functional regulation and system analysis, and urgently needs the deep integration of multi-disciplinary technologies to drive paradigm-shifting innovations. Here, we systematically summarize the main technological frameworks that support brain organoid research, including bioengineering and organoid construction technologies, biofabrication and microenvironmental modulation strategies, high-precision detection and multimodal analytical methodologies, as well as intelligent algorithms and data analysis platforms. The cross-integration of multiple technologies not only provides solutions to the existing limitations in brain organoid research, but also opens up cross-technological innovation application scenarios. We further discuss key bottlenecks in technology convergence and propose the development direction of future research. This review aims to provide a comprehensive technical roadmap for brain organoid research, promoting its in-depth application and paradigm innovation in cross-disciplinary fields including neuroscience, precision medicine, and brain-inspired computing.