Functional switching of S100A11 in cancer: An exploration based on molecular mechanisms

As a pivotal member of the S100 calcium-binding protein family, S100A11 exerts multifaceted regulatory effects in tumour progression. This review synthesises current evidence regarding the expression profiles and functional mechanisms of S100A11 across various cancers, encompassing both intracellular and extracellular regulatory circuits. We highlight a functional switching phenomenon wherein S100A11 exhibits divergent roles in normal versus malignant cells, accompanied by context-dependent expression patterns. The protein demonstrates significant potential as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker. Furthermore, this review explores the mechanistic basis of S100A11's functional switching, attributing it to four key drivers: (1) impaired nuclear translocation; (2) dynamic protein-interaction networks; (3) crosstalk between multiple signalling pathways; and (4) signalling via the S100A11-RAGE axis. Leveraging these insights, we propose preliminary therapeutic concepts tailored to its molecular characteristics. To advance translational medicine, future investigations must elucidate the tissue-specific and context-dependent mechanisms governing this switching. Ultimately, deepening the understanding of S100A11 will not only refine the comprehension of tumour biology but also lay the theoretical groundwork for novel anticancer strategies.