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Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Chemical Synthesis of Porous Barium Titanate Thin Film and Thermal Stabilization of Ferroelectric Phase by Porosity-Induced Strain
Published on: March 27, 2018
Multiscale structural engineering enables superior energy storage in tetragonal tungsten bronze relaxor
Saifei Wang1, Juntao Huang1, Guangyao Li1
1School of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, China.
None:
Lead-free relaxor ferroelectric ceramics are promising for pulsed-power systems due to their ultrafast discharge and high-power density, yet their practical use remains limited by low breakdown strength and insufficient energy-storage density. Here, we report Ba2La1-xBixTi2Nb3O15 ceramics with a tetragonal tungsten bronze structure, which achieve a recoverable energy density of 14.39 J/cm3 and an efficiency of 87.69% under an ultrahigh field of 1400 kV/cm-one of the highest recoverable energy density values reported for bulk tetragonal tungsten bronze structured ceramics. By combining experiments, first-principles calculations, and finite-element simulations, we unravel a multiscale structural optimization mechanism. Bi3+ incorporation induces oxygen-octahedral distortion that disrupts long-range order and enhances relaxation behavior. Concurrent grain refinement and band gap widening substantially raise the breakdown strength, leading to superior energy-storage properties. Moreover, the material exhibits excellent stability against variations in temperature, frequency, and fatigue cycles. This work establishes a generally applicable multiscale structural-engineering strategy for tetragonal-tungsten-bronze dielectrics with high energy storage performance.
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