Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens01:29

Immune Response Against Viral Pathogens

The immune system's response to viral infections is a complex and coordinated process involving natural killer (NK) cells, T cell-mediated responses, and antibody-mediated responses.
NK Cells
NK cells are a crucial part of our innate immune system, acting as the first line of defense against viral infections. These cells can recognize and kill infected cells without prior exposure to the virus, effectively slowing down the spread of infection. Additionally, NK cells produce proinflammatory...
Humoral Immune Responses01:36

Humoral Immune Responses

Overview
Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Cross-reactivity00:42

Cross-reactivity

Overview
The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway01:20

The JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway

Several cytokine receptors have tightly bound Janus kinase or JAK proteins attached at their cytosolic tail. Small signaling molecules such as cytokines, growth hormones, or prolactins bind to the cytokine receptors and initiate their dimerization. The dimerization brings the cytosolic JAKs together that trans-phosphorylate and activates each other. The activated JAKs now phosphorylate cytosolic tails of the cytokine receptors, which serve as binding sites for adaptor proteins such as  SH2...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Real-world clinical evaluation of the Inflammatix TriVerity test for sepsis at the emergency department: an Acutelines study.

Internal and emergency medicine·2026
Same author

Antibodies against influenza A/H1N1pdm2009 and B/Victoria strains but not A/H3N2 are increased in recent onset type 1 narcolepsy versus matched controls.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Immune aging biomarkers for clinical trials.

Nature medicine·2026
Same author

Cross-presentation of citrullinated antigens drives cytotoxic CD8 <sup>+</sup> T cell responses in rheumatoid arthritis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Viral load-driven systemic immune exhaustion is an enabler of antibody breadth in HIV infection.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Early immune events during SARS-CoV-2 infection impact memory T and B cell responses.

Communications biology·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells
09:43

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells

Published on: March 8, 2024

Human vaccine responses regulated by parallel cytokine pathways.

Guangbo Chen1,2,3,4,5, Jing Guo6, John Heath7

  • 1Institute for Immunology, Transplantation and Infection (ITI), Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA. guangbo@mcw.edu.

Nature Immunology
|June 12, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Understanding human vaccine immunity requires identifying key cytokine pathways. This study reveals how interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interferon-beta (IFN-β) influence antibody responses, uncovering new adjuvant candidates.

More Related Videos

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

Published on: October 15, 2013

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
09:37

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells
09:43

Microfluidic Approach to Resolve Simultaneous and Sequential Cytokine Secretion of Individual Polyfunctional Cells

Published on: March 8, 2024

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
09:26

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function

Published on: October 15, 2013

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique
09:37

Detection of Polyfunctional T Cells in Children Vaccinated with Japanese Encephalitis Vaccine via the Flow Cytometry Technique

Published on: September 23, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Vaccinology
  • Systems Biology

Background:

  • Human vaccine responses exhibit significant variability, with underlying molecular determinants often unclear.
  • Identifying reliable correlates and causal factors of vaccine immunogenicity is crucial for vaccine development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify baseline serum cytokines correlating with antibody responses to inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV).
  • To investigate the causal role of specific cytokines in enhancing vaccine-induced antibody production using human organoids.
  • To define novel cytokine pathways regulating vaccine immunity and explore potential adjuvant candidates.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 66 cytokines in serum from 581 individuals across four inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) cohorts over five seasons.
  • Evaluation of 19 cytokines in human tonsil and spleen organoids to assess their impact on antibody production.
  • In vivo studies using mRNA lipid nanoparticles to deliver cytokines and assess their effect on plasma cell formation.

Main Results:

  • Baseline serum interleukin-18 (IL-18) and interferon-beta (IFN-β) were identified as correlates of day 28 antibody responses to IIV.
  • Type I IFNs, IL-21, and IL-12, but not IL-18 or IFNγ, were found to enhance antibody production in human organoid models.
  • IL-12 and IL-21 represent a distinct pathway from type I IFNs, with IL-12 inducing IL-21 in humans.
  • In vivo delivery of IL-21 or IFN-β promoted long-lived plasma cell formation.

Conclusions:

  • Human vaccine immunity is regulated by parallel cytokine pathways involving type I IFNs, IL-12, and IL-21.
  • IFN-β administration can mimic aspects of the cytokine response seen with live vaccines.
  • The study establishes a human-centric platform integrating organoid and cohort data to identify potential vaccine adjuvants.