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Related Concept Videos

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells

Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
Normal cells contain receptors that prevent them from being recognized by phagocytes.
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Immune surveillance is an integral part of the innate immune system, involving the continuous monitoring of peripheral tissues to detect and respond to pathogens, infected cells, or cancerous cells. This surveillance is conducted primarily by natural killer (NK) cells and phagocytes, which employ distinct but complementary mechanisms to identify and eliminate threats.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 14, 2026

Assessing Retinal Microglial Phagocytic Function In Vivo Using a Flow Cytometry-based Assay
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C1q-CD44 interactions regulate microglial phagocytosis, proliferation, and migration.

Pooja S Sakthivel1,2, Alyssa J Villegas1, Anita Lakatos1

  • 1Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.

Journal of Neuroinflammation
|June 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Complement protein C1q interacts with CD44 to regulate microglial functions like phagocytosis and proliferation. This discovery offers new insights into neurodegeneration mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Immunology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Microglia are central nervous system immune cells crucial for responding to neurodegeneration.
  • Their functions, including phagocytosis and inflammation, are incompletely understood.
  • Complement protein C1q increases with aging and neurodegeneration, suggesting a role in these processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of CD44 as a novel receptor for C1q in modulating microglial function.
  • To determine how C1q-CD44 interactions influence microglial responses relevant to neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Confirmed expression of novel C1q receptors, including CD44, in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia (iMG).
  • Validated C1q-receptor binding on the iMG cell surface.
  • Generated CD44 knockout iMG to assess the impact of CD44 absence on C1q-induced microglial responses.

Main Results:

  • C1q-CD44 interactions were demonstrated to regulate microglial phagocytosis.
  • C1q-CD44 interactions were shown to modulate microglial proliferation.
  • C1q-CD44 interactions were found to influence microglial migration.

Conclusions:

  • C1q interacts with CD44 to modulate critical microglial functions.
  • These findings provide a basis for investigating C1q-CD44 pathway alterations in neurodegenerative diseases.
  • Targeting the C1q-CD44 interaction may offer therapeutic potential for CNS disorders.