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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

A Common Marmoset Model of Mother-Infant Intervention for Breastfeeding Disorders in the Presence of Paternal Inhibition and Maternal Neglect
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Lactation Interrupted: PFAS Impact on Capacity to Breastfeed Ignored.

Katherine E Pelch1, Megan E Romano2, Anna Reade3

  • 1Natural Resources Defense Council, 111 Sutter St 21 Floor, San Francisco, CA, 94104, USA. kpelch@nrdc.org.

Current Environmental Health Reports
|June 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure is linked to shorter breastfeeding duration and impaired mammary gland function. Current regulations and clinical guidelines inadequately address these risks, impacting maternal and infant health.

Keywords:
Breastfeeding durationClinical guidanceMammary glandPer- and polyfluoroalkyl substancesPopulation healthRisk assessment

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Reproductive Health

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants.
  • Emerging evidence suggests PFAS exposure may impact reproductive health and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To examine the association between PFAS exposure and breastfeeding duration.
  • To evaluate the effects of PFAS on mammary gland function.
  • To assess the adequacy of current regulatory and clinical decision-making regarding PFAS impacts on breastfeeding.

Main Methods:

  • Review of toxicological studies on PFAS and mammary gland function.
  • Analysis of human population data on PFAS levels and breastfeeding duration.
  • Evaluation of current regulatory assessments and clinical recommendations.

Main Results:

  • Shorter breastfeeding duration is observed in populations with higher circulating PFAS levels during pregnancy.
  • The mammary gland is identified as a sensitive tissue to PFAS disruption.
  • Existing regulatory and clinical assessments insufficiently incorporate data on mammary gland effects and breastfeeding duration.

Conclusions:

  • Breastfeeding ability is vulnerable to PFAS exposure.
  • Mammary gland functional effects, including breastfeeding duration, should be integrated into future risk assessments and clinical guidelines.
  • Further toxicological research using contemporary measures of mammary gland function is needed for a wider range of PFAS.
  • Clinical recommendations must address concerns of PFAS-exposed individuals and communities.