Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 16, 2026
Isolation and Flow Cytometric Analysis of Glioma-infiltrating Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells
Published on: November 28, 2015
Advances and challenges in glioblastoma immunotherapy: a meta-analysis of immune checkpoint inhibitors
Anne Gabriela Silva Batista1, Carolinny Silva Ribeiro Pereira2, Eduardo Henrique Isgarbose Durello2
1Division of Medicine, University of Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brazil. annegbatista@hotmail.com.
Introduction:
Glioblastoma (GBM) remains the most aggressive primary brain tumor, with poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promising results in solid tumors, but their role in GBM remains uncertain.
Methods:
A PRISMA-based systematic review and meta-analysis including studies evaluating checkpoint inhibitors in newly diagnosed and recurrent GBM. Random-effects models calculated pooled hazard ratios for OS and PFS.
Results:
Eleven studies were included, six (n = 2,019) incorporated into pooled survival analyses. No significant OS benefit was observed (HR = 1.12; 95% CI: 0.97-1.29; I2 = 0%; p = 0.138). PFS showed significant differences (HR = 1.34; 95% CI: 1.06-1.68; I2 = 74.3%; p = 0.013). Grade ≥ 3 toxicity occurred in 32.1% of patients.
Conclusion:
Checkpoint inhibitors did not significantly improve OS or PFS in GBM patients and were associated with substantial toxicity and inter-study heterogeneity.
