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A Small-Scale Setup for Algal Toxicity Testing of Nanomaterials and Other Difficult Substances

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A Bioavailability Model for Chronic Silver Toxicity to the Freshwater Alga Raphidocelis Subcapitata.

Nada Bašić¹, Stephen Lofts², Charlotte Nys³

¹Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Environmental Toxicology Unit, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.

Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry

|June 13, 2026

Summary

A new chronic biotic ligand model (BLM) for silver (Ag) was developed to assess its toxicity in freshwater, considering water chemistry like natural organic matter (NOM). The model improves risk assessment for silver in rivers.

Keywords:

biotic ligand model environmental toxicology freshwater toxicology metal bioavailability

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Area of Science:

Environmental Chemistry
Aquatic Toxicology
Ecotoxicology

Background:

Silver (Ag) is released into freshwater ecosystems, necessitating bioavailability-based environmental quality standards.
Existing acute biotic ligand models (BLMs) for silver are insufficient for chronic toxicity assessment.
Site-specific water chemistry significantly influences silver's bioavailability and toxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the impact of key water chemistry variables (pH, Ca, Mg, Na, Cl, NOM) on chronic silver toxicity to the alga Raphidocelis subcapitata.
To develop a chronic silver bioavailability model applicable to European river conditions.
To refine understanding of silver-natural organic matter (NOM) interactions and the role of silver chloride complexes.

Main Methods:

Experimental assessment of chronic silver toxicity across a range of water chemistry conditions.
Development and refinement of a chronic BLM incorporating NOM binding, AgClaq0 complex, pH, and magnesium effects.
Model validation using independent datasets with simultaneous variations in magnesium and chloride.

Main Results:

Natural organic matter (NOM) exerted a dominant protective effect, with default model parameters underestimating Ag-NOM binding.
The AgClaq0 complex was identified as bioavailable and toxicologically active.
Toxicity decreased with decreasing pH and was enhanced by magnesium, requiring empirical incorporation into the model.
The developed model demonstrated good performance, with predicted EC10s deviating up to two-fold from observations.

Conclusions:

The developed chronic BLM accurately predicts silver toxicity in freshwater, accounting for key water chemistry variables.
The model highlights the importance of accurate Ag-NOM binding parameters and the role of AgClaq0.
This work represents a significant step towards integrating chronic bioavailability models into silver risk assessment frameworks.