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PFA technology: Production, safety and wastewater deployment analysis.

Jonathan I Mendez-Ruiz1, Kati Bell2, John W Norton3

  • 1Western University, London, ON N6A 5B9, Canada; Faculty of Engineering in Earth Sciences, ESPOL Polytechnic University, ESPOL, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador; EC-Water, Academic and Research Network, Geo-engineering and Advanced Processes Research Laboratory (GEA-RLab), ESPOL Polytechnic University, Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, 090902, Ecuador.

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|June 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Performic acid (PFA) offers rapid disinfection for wastewater but faces challenges with stability and generation. On-site blending is the most validated method for municipal use, though other technologies show promise for higher strengths.

Keywords:
Catalytic distillationElectrochemical synthesisMicroreactorsOn-demand generationPerformic acidProduction methodsWastewater disinfection

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Water Treatment Technology

Background:

  • Performic acid (PFA) is a promising disinfectant for challenging water matrices like municipal wastewater and combined sewer overflows (CSOs).
  • Its adoption is hindered by chemical instability, safety concerns, and the need for point-of-use generation.
  • Evaluating PFA production and delivery systems is crucial for practical field deployment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review and compare different PFA production and delivery architectures for wastewater disinfection.
  • To assess the deployability of various PFA generation technologies based on performance, logistics, safety, and environmental factors.
  • To provide a framework for selecting appropriate PFA technologies and identify research gaps for scalable deployment.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of peer-reviewed literature and patent evidence to analyze five PFA technology families: on-site precursor blending, distillation/reactive separation, co-delivery formulations, microfluidic generation, and electrochemical synthesis.
  • Application of a structured evidence base and readiness-aware scoring framework for comparative analysis.
  • Interpretation of performance based on time-integrated residual exposure, considering oxidant decay and matrix demand.

Main Results:

  • PFA demonstrates rapid bacterial inactivation and effective viral inactivation in some cases, often with reduced halogenated by-product formation compared to chlorination.
  • On-site blending is the only widely validated municipal-scale PFA approach currently.
  • Microreactors and reactive separation offer higher PFA strengths but face scale-up and complexity challenges; electrochemical methods are limited by low titers and dynamic response.

Conclusions:

  • The effectiveness of PFA disinfection is highly sensitive to mixing, particulate shielding, and early oxidant consumption.
  • Technology selection for PFA deployment must balance disinfection performance with production logistics, safety, control, and environmental considerations.
  • Further research is needed to advance PFA technologies toward robust, scalable, and regulation-ready applications in wastewater and CSO disinfection.