Decoction-derived nano-granules from traditional Chinese medicine for drug delivery

During the decoction of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), active ingredients spontaneously assemble primarily via non-covalent interactions into defined nanostructures termed TCM Decoction-Derived Nano-granules (DDNs). As a novel carrier-free, drug-excipient integrated pharmacodynamic entity composed entirely of herbal endogenous components, DDNs achieve 100% drug loading and enable multi-component, multi-target delivery that aligns with the core therapeutic essence of TCM. This review systematically outlines the formation mechanisms, assembly pathways and biomedical applications of DDNs across eight major physiological systems. Small molecules, macromolecules and metal ions can self-assemble into stable, functionally distinctive nanostructures under decoction-simulated conditions, demonstrating favorable efficacy in diverse disease models. However, key challenges persist: insufficient mechanistic elucidation, stability and safety uncertainties, and the absence of standardized preparation and quality control procedures. Even so, TCM DDNs offer a feasible paradigm for TCM modernization and globalization, and interdisciplinary research will further drive their application in precision therapy.