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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology01:27

Hyperthyroidism II: Pathophysiology

Hyperthyroidism is a hypermetabolic state caused by elevated levels of thyroid hormones, triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). It results from dysregulation at the thyroid, pituitary, or immune system level and affects multiple organ systems.PathophysiologyThe most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder in which antibodies, specifically thyroid-stimulating antibodies (TSAb), a subtype of TSH receptor antibodies (TRAb), bind to and activate TSH receptors...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
04:01

Transoral Robotic Total Thyroidectomy and Bilateral Central Regional Lymph Node Dissection for Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma

Published on: September 15, 2023

Does exposing all parathyroids during total thyroidectomy with central lymph node dissection protect long-term

Xinguang Jin1, Zehang Xu1, Liping Wen1

  • 1Department of Surgical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, P. R. China.

BMC Surgery
|June 13, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Sufficient intraoperative exposure of parathyroid glands (PG) during thyroidectomy prevents permanent hypoparathyroidism. This surgical technique improves parathyroid hormone levels and increases autotransplantation rates without raising transient complications.

Keywords:
HypoparathyroidismParathyroid AutotransplantationParathyroid Gland PreservationTotal Thyroidectomy

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Published on: November 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology
  • Head and Neck Surgery

Background:

  • Hypoparathyroidism (HypoPT) is a common complication following total thyroidectomy (TT) and central lymph node dissection (CLND).
  • Current surgical strategies lack effectiveness in preventing HypoPT incidence.
  • This study investigates the impact of intraoperative parathyroid gland (PG) exposure on postoperative outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the effect of sufficient intraoperative PG exposure on postoperative parathyroid function.
  • To assess the influence of PG exposure on parathyroid autotransplantation rates.
  • To determine the impact on incidental parathyroidectomy and subsequent HypoPT.

Main Methods:

  • Prospective study of 133 patients undergoing TT and CLND by a single surgeon.
  • Patients categorized into sufficient (all 4 PGs identified) and insufficient (control) exposure groups.
  • Postoperative monitoring of parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels, calcium, and symptoms for six months.

Main Results:

  • No permanent HypoPT in the sufficient exposure group versus 2 in the insufficient group.
  • Significantly higher mean PTH levels in the sufficient exposure group (P=0.048).
  • Increased parathyroid autotransplantation in the sufficient exposure group (26.0% vs. 8.3%, P=0.008).

Conclusions:

  • Sufficient intraoperative PG exposure protects parathyroid function, indicated by higher PTH levels.
  • This technique is a practical method to preserve parathyroid function post-thyroidectomy.
  • No increase in transient HypoPT or clinical symptoms was observed.