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Related Concept Videos

Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the addition of a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then processed and...
What is Gene Expression?01:42

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is made up of nucleotides and proteins consist of amino...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression
08:54

In vivo Application of the REMOTE-control System for the Manipulation of Endogenous Gene Expression

Published on: March 29, 2019

Programming the translational landscape for predictable gene expression.

Wenxing Yan1, Guipeng Hu1, Kaifang Liu2

  • 1School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; School of Life Sciences and Health Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.

Biotechnology Advances
|June 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review details engineering gene expression control via translation regulation. It covers optimizing initiation, elongation, and termination for faster, cheaper protein production in synthetic biology.

Keywords:
Gene expressionMetabolic regulationSynthetic biologyTranslation level regulation

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Area of Science:

  • Synthetic Biology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Translational regulation is key for controlling gene expression speed and metabolic cost in biological systems.
  • Engineering biological systems demands multi-layered control over gene expression.
  • Translation acts as a crucial intermediary in this control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the multifaceted landscape of translation engineering across its key phases: initiation, elongation, and termination.
  • To evaluate methods for rationally designing translational control for synthetic biology applications.
  • To provide a roadmap for advanced biomanufacturing and precision medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 5'-UTR architecture and mRNA folding effects on translation initiation rates.
  • Evaluation of synonymous codon optimization and ribosome stalling kinetics in modulating elongation speed.
  • Assessment of termination-level interventions, including stop-codon readthrough and mRNA decay, on protein yields.

Main Results:

  • 5'-UTR structure and mRNA folding significantly influence translation initiation efficiency.
  • Codon choice and ribosome kinetics are critical for controlling elongation speed.
  • Modulating termination processes impacts overall protein production levels.

Conclusions:

  • Engineering translation offers a powerful approach to fine-tune gene expression for specific applications.
  • A shift from empirical tuning to rational design is enabling sophisticated synthetic biological systems.
  • These advancements pave the way for improved smart biomanufacturing and precision medicine.