A biopsychosocial model of neurodivergence at work: A scoping review

Neurodivergent (ND) individuals are increasingly recognized as a substantial source of talent in the workforce; however, empirical research on neurodivergence in the workplace remains fragmented. Guided by the biopsychosocial model and five-stage scoping review framework, evidence charting was guided by research questions examining: the focus of existing research; biopsychosocial factors manifesting as enablers and barriers to the workplace experience; recommended, and empirically tested interventions; and implications of hiring ND individuals. A comprehensive protocol of search strategies identified 1596 articles for screening, 336 for full-text review, and 56 for data extraction and synthesis. The charted data spanned multiple ND conditions and stakeholder perspectives. Findings revealed that many enablers and barriers lie on the same continua, where adequate accommodations can transform hindrances into facilitators at work. Recommended accommodations aligned closely with empirically tested interventions. Implications for ND individuals, organizations, and society are discussed. Recommendations for future research and reviews are proposed.