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Related Concept Videos

Penis01:29

Penis

The penis serves a dual role in sexual reproduction and urination. It consists of three main regions: the glans penis, the body, and the root, each with distinct functions and unique anatomical features.
Anatomy of the Penis
The glans penis, or the head, is the terminal part of the penis and houses the external urethral orifice, the exit point for urine and semen. Covered by the prepuce, or foreskin, the glans is noted for its sensitivity and plays a key role in sexual pleasure. The body of the...
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In pediatric medicine, understanding the renal function and drug elimination nuances is crucial for administering safe and effective treatments. Newborns, in particular, display markedly slower renal functions than adults, profoundly affecting how drugs are cleared from their bodies. This slower drug clearance requires clinicians to extend the dosing intervals for many medications to prevent drug accumulation and toxicity while ensuring therapeutic efficacy.One key area where these adjustments...
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Understanding the physiological differences in the pediatric population is crucial for effective pharmacotherapy. Neonates, infants, and children exhibit significant variations in gastric pH, gastric emptying time, intestinal transit time, and biliary function. These variations profoundly affect oral drug absorption, necessitating a nuanced approach to pediatric dosing.Neonates present with a unique physiological profile, having a gastric pH greater than 4 and faster and more irregular gastric...
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Drug distribution in the pediatric population exhibits unique challenges and considerations due to the physiological differences between children, particularly neonates and infants, and adults. A crucial aspect of pediatric pharmacology is understanding how these differences impact the pharmacokinetics of various drugs, necessitating age-specific dosing strategies to ensure efficacy and safety.Neonates and infants have a higher total body water content, ~75%–90% of their body weight, compared...
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Sex-linked Disorders01:43

Sex-linked Disorders

Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.

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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Microscopic Replantation of Penile Glans Amputation Due to Circumcision
07:28

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Published on: June 3, 2022

Paediatric penile length: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Fausto Negri1,2,3, Federico Belladelli2,3, Chiyuan A Zhang1

  • 1Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.

BJU International
|June 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Penile length in prepubertal boys varies significantly by region and age. A concerning trend suggests a decline in stretched penile length over the past two decades, impacting developmental disorder identification.

Keywords:
genitaliapaediatricspenisreference valuessex development

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric endocrinology
  • Human growth and development
  • Public health

Background:

  • Establishing normative data for genital organ size is essential for identifying potential developmental disorders in children.
  • Penile length is a key indicator of normal sexual development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze geographical variations in stretched penile length among prepubertal boys.
  • To evaluate temporal trends in penile length over the last 20 years.
  • To update reference values for genital organ size in pediatric populations.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and meta-analysis of studies published in PubMed, Cochrane, and Scopus databases.
  • Inclusion of 55 studies with quantitative penile length data from 31,915 boys (2000-2024).
  • Exclusion of studies involving congenital malformations; risk of bias assessment performed.

Main Results:

  • Pooled mean stretched penile length estimates varied by age group, ranging from 3.07 cm (1-week-old) to 5.43 cm (5-10-year-old).
  • A significant decrease in stretched penile length was observed from the 2000s to the 2020s, with declines ranging from 16.2% to 26.2% across age groups.
  • Subgroup analysis revealed significant geographical variations in penile length for boys over 2 years old (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:

  • Prepubertal penile length exhibits considerable geographical variability and age-related differences.
  • A potential decline in stretched penile length over the past two decades warrants further investigation.
  • Updated reference values are crucial for accurate assessment and early detection of disorders.