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Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species

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Published on: April 17, 2009

Nonnodulating Fagales retain the functional NODULE INCEPTION gene.

Momona Noda¹, Momoyo Ito¹, Kana Miyata²

¹Institute of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan.

The New Phytologist

|June 14, 2026

Summary

NODULE INCEPTION orthologs are found in plants that do not form nodules, specifically within the Fagales order. This suggests a broader evolutionary role for these genes beyond nodulation.

Keywords:

Casuarina Corylus Fagales NODULE INCEPTION (NIN)actinorhizal plants nodulation nonlegume root nodule symbiosis

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Area of Science:

Plant biology
Evolutionary genetics
Molecular biology

Background:

Legume symbiosis with rhizobia involves specific genetic pathways.
The role of NODULE INCEPTION (NIN) genes in nonlegume species is largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence and potential function of NODULE INCEPTION orthologs in nonnodulating plant species.
To understand the evolutionary history of NIN genes.

Main Methods:

Bioinformatic analysis of plant genomes.
Phylogenetic analysis of NIN gene families.

Main Results:

NODULE INCEPTION orthologs were identified in several nonnodulating species belonging to the Fagales order.
Phylogenetic analysis suggests these orthologs diverged before the evolution of legume symbiosis.

Conclusions:

The presence of NIN orthologs in Fagales indicates these genes may have ancestral functions predating symbiotic nodulation.
Further research is needed to elucidate the specific roles of NIN orthologs in nonnodulating plants.