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Liquid Chromatographic Methods for Microsampling in Sports Drug Monitoring: Progress in DBS and VAMS.

Chunli Zhang1

  • 1Institute of Physical Education, Hunan International Economics University, Changsha, Hunan, China.

Biomedical Chromatography : BMC
|June 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

Dried blood spots (DBS) and volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) offer minimally invasive alternatives for sports drug monitoring. These microsampling techniques show promise for detecting various substances and biomarkers, though regulatory implementation faces challenges.

Keywords:
DBSLC‐HRMS/MSLC–MS/MSVAMSanti‐dopingcapillary blooddried blood spotsports drug testingvolumetric absorptive microsampling

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Area of Science:

  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Sports Science
  • Biomarker Analysis

Background:

  • Traditional sports drug monitoring relies on urine and venous blood tests.
  • Growing demand for minimally invasive sampling, real-time exposure data, and field-deployable methods.
  • Limitations of conventional methods in detecting complex molecules like peptides and proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review chromatographic and mass-spectrometric methods using dried blood spots (DBS) and volumetric absorptive microsampling (VAMS) for sports drug monitoring.
  • To evaluate the analytical performance, translational feasibility, and implementation barriers of these microsampling techniques.
  • To integrate anti-doping evidence with broader microsampling bioanalysis literature.

Main Methods:

  • Review of chromatographic and mass-spectrometric techniques applied to DBS and VAMS.
  • Analysis of data from anti-doping studies and general microsampling bioanalysis literature.
  • Focus on liquid chromatography workflows: sample extraction, clean-up, derivatization, matrix effects, stability, and transferability.

Main Results:

  • DBS methods demonstrate utility for detecting stimulants, tramadol, glucocorticoids, steroid esters, EPO receptor agonists, growth hormone secretagogues, IGF-1, and RNA/transgene biomarkers.
  • VAMS enhances quantitative microsampling, supporting monitoring of endogenous steroids, thyroid hormones, and longitudinal markers.
  • Regulatory readiness is hindered by analyte-specific detection windows, device comparability issues, and stringent evidentiary standards.

Conclusions:

  • DBS and VAMS represent promising, minimally invasive alternatives for sports drug monitoring.
  • Analytical performance and workflow optimization are crucial for regulatory acceptance.
  • Addressing challenges in device comparability and evidentiary requirements is key for routine implementation in anti-doping.