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Optimized Pretreatment for Raman-Based Nanoplastics Detection.

Enxi Jin1, Juhui Seo2, Dongha Shin1,2,3

  • 1Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.

Analytical Chemistry
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
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This study presents a simple, efficient pretreatment method for detecting nanoplastics using Raman spectroscopy. The protocol minimizes sample alteration and contamination, improving the reliability of nanoplastic analysis in environmental samples.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Nanoplastics are ubiquitous environmental contaminants posing ecological and health risks.
  • Accurate nanoplastic detection requires effective sample pretreatment, but standardized, non-destructive methods are lacking.
  • Polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics are common and require specific analytical approaches.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple and efficient pretreatment protocol for Raman-based detection of polystyrene (PS) nanoplastics.
  • To evaluate common chemical digestion reagents for their effectiveness and impact on nanoplastic integrity.
  • To optimize preconcentration and sample preparation steps for reproducible single-particle measurements.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic evaluation of four chemical digestion reagents (H2O2, Fenton's reagent, NaOH, HNO3) on PS nanospheres (300, 600, 800 nm).

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  • Optimization of vacuum filtration and ultrasonication for nanoplastic preconcentration, assessing recovery rates and membrane contamination.
  • Application of freeze-drying and optimized droplet volume for uniform particle deposition to mitigate the coffee-ring effect.

    • Main Results:

    • Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) effectively removed organic matter with minimal alteration to PS nanoplastic structure.
    • Vacuum filtration with optimized ultrasonication achieved up to 92% recovery of PS nanoplastics without membrane contamination.
    • Freeze-drying and controlled droplet volume ensured reproducible single-particle Raman measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed pretreatment protocol offers a practical basis for standardized analysis of PS nanoplastics.
    • This method reduces systematic biases in sample preparation, enhancing the reliability of nanoplastic detection.
    • The protocol is efficient and minimizes damage to nanoplastic samples, crucial for accurate environmental monitoring.