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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human eye.
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance01:05

Atomic Nuclei: Magnetic Resonance

The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms03:26

Electron Configuration of Multielectron Atoms

The alkali metal sodium (atomic number 11) has one more electron than the neon atom. This electron must go into the lowest-energy subshell available, the 3s orbital, giving a 1s22s22p63s1 configuration. The electrons occupying the outermost shell orbital(s) (highest value of n) are called valence electrons, and those occupying the inner shell orbitals are called core electrons. Since the core electron shells correspond to noble gas electron configurations, we can abbreviate electron...
Nuclear Stability03:18

Nuclear Stability

Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
To hold positively charged protons together in the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications
13:51

Synthesis of Core-shell Lanthanide-doped Upconversion Nanocrystals for Cellular Applications

Published on: November 10, 2017

Lifetime Manipulation by Excitation Power in Lanthanide Core-Shell Nanocrystals Without Altering Composition.

Linxuan Zhang1, Feng Wu2,3, Yijun Han1

  • 1State Key Lab of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, P. R. China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed core-shell nanocrystals with tunable fluorescence lifetimes. This breakthrough allows for lifetime control without altering material composition, paving the way for advanced photonic applications.

Keywords:
anti‐counterfeitingdownshiftingenergy dissipationenergy transferexcitation powerlifetime

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Published on: January 3, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Photonics

Background:

  • Fluorescence lifetime is crucial for optical multiplexing and applications.
  • Current methods for lifetime adjustment require altering fluorophor content.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To demonstrate excitation power-dependent fluorescence lifetime control in core-shell nanocrystals.
  • To explore novel anti-counterfeiting patterns using tunable lifetime properties.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of β-NaYbF₄:Er@NaYbF₄:Nd core-shell nanocrystals.
  • Investigation of 1532 nm emission lifetime dependence on excitation power.
  • Perturbed-population-dynamics calculations to confirm multiphoton processes.

Main Results:

  • Achieved excitation power-dependent fluorescence lifetime in unaltered nanocrystals.
  • Demonstrated dynamic, multidimensional anti-counterfeiting patterns using a single nanocrystal type.
  • Confirmed nonlinear multiphoton process and nonradiative relaxation influence on emission.

Conclusions:

  • Variable fluorescence lifetime in unaltered nanoparticles is achievable via multiphoton processes.
  • This finding enables novel photonic nanomaterials for optical communication, sensing, and computing.
  • Opens new avenues for dynamic optical information encoding and security.