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Related Concept Videos

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures01:22

Healthcare Associated Infections II: Preventive Measures

Essential infection prevention measures are based on the knowledge of the infection chain, the modes of transmission in healthcare settings, and the use of the best practices in all healthcare settings. Compulsory public reporting of healthcare-associated infection rates is needed to allow individuals and the community to make informed choices regarding selecting a healthcare facility.
The best practices for preventing healthcare-associated infections include hand hygiene, patient risk...
Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic01:26

Healthcare Associated Infections I: Iatrogenic, Exogenic and Endogenic

Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) occur in a healthcare facility while a person receives care for another ailment. This category also includes work-related infections among healthcare staff.
HAIs significantly increase the cost of health care. Extended stays in healthcare institutions, increased disability, increased costs of medications, including specialized antibiotics, and prolonged recovery times add to the patient's expenses and the healthcare institution and funding bodies. Common...
Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection01:26

Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection

The hosts' susceptibility to infection depends on several factors. The integrity of the skin and mucous membranes helps protect the body against microbial attacks. When the skin is altered, the chance of infection, limb loss, and even death increases.
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin create...
Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:30

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...
Brain Abscess l: Introduction01:26

Brain Abscess l: Introduction

A brain abscess is a focal, intracerebral infection characterized by a localized collection of pus within the brain parenchyma, resulting from microbial invasion and the body’s inflammatory response. It progresses through stages: early and late cerebritis, followed by early and late capsule formation, reflecting tissue destruction, immune response, and eventual encapsulation.Etiology and PathogenesisCausative organisms vary with source and host factors, often involving polymicrobial infections,...
Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence01:28

Infectious Diseases and Their Occurrence

Infectious diseases appear in populations through various transmission patterns, influenced by pathogen characteristics, population immunity, environmental conditions, and social behavior. Understanding these patterns is essential for effective public health surveillance and intervention. These categories—sporadic, outbreak, epidemic, pandemic, and endemic—help frame the nature and scope of disease events.Sporadic diseases occur irregularly and infrequently, without a predictable temporal or...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
14:59

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Published on: October 14, 2022

Ventriculostomy-Related Infections by Country-Income Level: A Systematic Review and Bayesian Hierarchical

Samuel N Blacker1, Hemanshu Prabhakar2, Elizabeth Olive Moreton3

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology, University of North Carolina.

Journal of Neurosurgical Anesthesiology
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ventriculostomy-related infection (VRI) rates globally average 8.64%, with significant variations based on country income and infection definition. Standardizing VRI definitions is crucial for accurate infection rate comparisons.

Keywords:
antimicrobial cathetersexternal ventricular draininfectionmeta-analysisneurocritical caresystematic reviewventriculostomy

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus
14:59

Neuronavigation and Laparoscopy Guided Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Insertion for the Treatment of Hydrocephalus

Published on: October 14, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Ventriculostomy-related infections (VRIs) are a significant complication of neurosurgical procedures.
  • Understanding global trends and influencing factors of VRIs is essential for improving patient outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a systematic review and Bayesian meta-analysis of published literature on ventriculostomy-related infection (VRI) rates.
  • To evaluate temporal and global trends in VRI, stratified by various factors.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review and Bayesian hierarchical random-effects meta-analysis of 159 articles (1989-2025) involving 523,704 patients.
  • Stratification by country-income level, study design, sample size, enrollment period, VRI intervention, and VRI definition.
  • Leave-one-out sensitivity analysis to assess the robustness of the findings.

Main Results:

  • The pooled global VRI rate was 8.64% (95% CI: 7.44-9.97), with moderate heterogeneity.
  • VRI rates were significantly higher in studies using broader VRI definitions (beyond CSF culture alone) and in those from Europe and the Western Pacific.
  • Five countries (Singapore, US, Germany, Norway, China) reported VRI rates below the global average.

Conclusions:

  • This Bayesian meta-analysis provides crucial global estimates and identifies key factors associated with VRI.
  • Standardization of VRI definitions is critical for accurate benchmarking and future research in VRI rates.