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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 16, 2026

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture
10:49

Printing Thermoresponsive Reverse Molds for the Creation of Patterned Two-component Hydrogels for 3D Cell Culture

Published on: July 10, 2013

Direct Printing of Conductive Hydrogels using Two-photon Polymerization.

Ketki M Lichade1,2, Shahrzad Shiravi1, John D Finan1

  • 1Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60607, United States.

Additive Manufacturing
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel conductive hydrogel for advanced bioelectronics. The new material enables direct nano/microscale 3D printing, overcoming limitations of traditional methods for flexible devices.

Keywords:
conductive hydrogelmicro-electronicsnano/micro-manufacturingtissue engineeringtwo-photon polymerization

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Last Updated: Jun 16, 2026

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Published on: July 10, 2013

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08:17

An Additive Manufacturing Technique for the Facile and Rapid Fabrication of Hydrogel-based Micromachines with Magnetically Responsive Components

Published on: July 18, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) conductive hydrogels are vital for bioelectronics and tissue engineering due to their conductivity and biocompatibility.
  • Conventional fabrication methods like casting and transfer printing limit PEDOT:PSS hydrogels to micro/mesoscale features, hindering nanoscale applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel PEDOT:PSS-based hydrogel material printable at the nano/microscale using Two-Photon Polymerization (TPP).
  • To characterize the TPP-printability, swelling, electrical properties, and biocompatibility of the new hydrogel.
  • To demonstrate the fabrication of high-resolution microstructures for potential applications in micro-devices.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel PEDOT:PSS-based hydrogel formulation.
  • Characterization of the hydrogel's Two-Photon Polymerization (TPP) printing window.
  • Evaluation of enhanced radial swelling, electrical properties, and biocompatibility.
  • Fabrication of various microstructures using TPP to demonstrate micro-manufacturing feasibility.

Main Results:

  • The novel PEDOT:PSS hydrogel demonstrates successful TPP printability at nano/microscale resolution.
  • The prepared hydrogel exhibits enhanced radial swelling, electrical properties, and biocompatibility compared to pristine PEDOT:PSS.
  • Fabricated microstructures possess electrical conductivity, biocompatibility, high resolution, and structural stability.

Conclusions:

  • Direct TPP printing of conductive PEDOT:PSS hydrogels overcomes limitations of conventional manufacturing.
  • This advancement enables the creation of high-resolution conductive micro-devices.
  • Potential applications include micro-energy storage, micro/nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and flexible biomedical micro-devices.