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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II01:46

Electron Transport Chain: Complex I and II

The mitochondrial electron transport chain (ETC) is the main energy generation system in the eukaryotic cells. However, mitochondria also produce cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) due to the large electron flow during oxidative phosphorylation. While Complex I is one of the primary sources of superoxide radicals, ROS production by Complex II is uncommon and may only be observed in cancer cells with mutated complexes.
ROS generation is regulated and maintained at moderate levels necessary...

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Subcellular Fractionation for ERK Activation Upon Mitochondrial-derived Peptide Treatment
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Published on: September 25, 2017

ROS-Triggered Self-Aggregation of a β-Elemene Olefin-Rich Nanoemulsion for Mitochondrial-Targeted Metabolic

Zhiyuan Luo1,2,3, Luyu Jia4, Yu Tang2

  • 1Innovation Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, People's Republic of China.

International Journal of Nanomedicine
|June 15, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study developed a novel nanomedicine delivering β‑elemene to disrupt inflammatory macrophage metabolism in colitis. The targeted approach revealed β‑elemene

Keywords:
ROS-triggeredcolitisenergy metabolismself-aggregationβ-elemene

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Published on: February 3, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Nanomedicine
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by pro-inflammatory macrophages.
  • Natural compounds like β‑elemene show anti-inflammatory potential but lack defined mechanisms.
  • Targeted delivery systems are needed to elucidate β‑elemene's subcellular actions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To engineer a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive β‑elemene nanoemulsion (ELE-NE) for targeted colitis therapy.
  • To investigate the anti-inflammatory mechanism of β‑elemene at the subcellular level.
  • To establish a novel theranostic strategy for inflammatory diseases.

Main Methods:

  • Engineered ROS-responsive β‑elemene nanoemulsion (ELE-NE).
  • Evaluated ELE-NE in a murine model of dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis.
  • Developed a mitochondria-targeted, ROS-activatable near-infrared probe for in vivo imaging.

Main Results:

  • ELE-NE preferentially accumulated in inflamed colon tissue, alleviating colitis pathology.
  • ELE-NE aggregated at mitochondria in inflammatory macrophages, disrupting the electron transport chain (ETC).
  • This metabolic intervention suppressed oxidative phosphorylation, reduced M1 macrophage polarization, and lowered pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion.

Conclusions:

  • β‑elemene acts via ROS-triggered mitochondrial aggregation and metabolic reprogramming.
  • The olefinic (C=C) group of β‑elemene enables bioresponsive mitochondrial targeting and metabolic control.
  • This study proposes
  • olefinic drugs
  • and a theranostic nanomedicine approach for inflammatory diseases.